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Cotto-Rosario A, Miller EYD, Fumuso FG, Clement JA, Todd MJ, O'Connor RM. Frequent public pools or reactional water areas (lakes or rivers). This limitation of treatment options presents a major public health challenge given the important burden of disease. National Library of Medicine and transmitted securely. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. Search date: March 2014. Dont swim if you have diarrhea. In immmunocompromised humans, infections may also occur in the large intestine, respiratory tract, biliary tract, pancreatic duct, and other sites. Data Sources: A PubMed search was completed using the key terms foodborne illness, infectious diarrhea, food poisoning, salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, food safety, hemolyticuremic syndrome, oral rehydration solution, oral rehydration therapy, traveler's diarrhea, and bloody diarrhea. This is because metronidazole not only kills the bacteria responsible for conditions such as bacterial vaginosis, but useful bacteria in the vaginal flora that help to keep other microbes in check. Its so small that you can only see it with a microscope. Drugs.com provides accurate and independent information on more than 24,000 prescription drugs, over-the-counter medicines and natural products. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers and chlorine in pools dont kill Cryptosporidium. . <> Make sure you tell your provider if you have a heart or liver condition before taking this medicine. There is a need for a highly effective treatment for cryptosporidiosis in immunodeficient patients, but the quest for such a drug has proven to be elusive. The .gov means its official. Although there are several species of Cryptosporidium, Cryptosporidium hominis causes the most infections in humans in Australia. Do not share this medicine with another person, even if they have the same symptoms you have. An official website of the United States government. Has a potential for abuse less than those in schedules 1 and 2. Last reviewed by a Cleveland Clinic medical professional on 08/24/2022. Parasitologic cure (no Cryptosporidium detected in stool) rates range from 60-75% 1. cryptosporidium treatment . Store at room temperature away from moisture and heat. Protozoal Intestinal Infections and Trichomoniasis. IV: Monitored (orange) antibiotic Has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. Accessed Nov. 3, 2020. Sports drinks and soft drinks have a high carbohydrate-to-sodium ratio and total osmolality, and can exacerbate diarrhea.19, Clinical assessment should be used to guide rehydration therapy. Kabir MHB, Recuenco FC, Mohd Zin NK, Watanabe N, Fukuda Y, Bando H, Watanabe K, Bochimoto H, Xuan X, Kato K. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. Metronidazole does not treat chlamydia and is not a recommended treatment for chlamydia, but it may be given if symptoms of chlamydia persist after finishing a course of first-line treatments for chlamydia such as doxycycline, azithromycin, or levofloxacin. A definitive diagnosis is not necessary to report a suspected foodborne illness. Physicians should avoid attributing cases of foodborne illness to specific food sources without definitive testing and reporting. What should I avoid? An official website of the United States government. Follow standard ChAMP guidelines where appropriate. Cryptosporidium is an intracellular protozoan parasite that is associated with self-limited diarrhea in immunocompetent hosts and severe debilitating diarrhea with weight loss and malabsorption in immunocompromised patients (eg, patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS]). Empiric antibiotics should be considered in cases of suspected foodborne illness only if the patient is febrile and has signs of invasive disease (e.g., gross hematochezia, leukocytes on fecal smear), if symptoms have persisted for more than one week or are severe (i.e., more than eight liquid stools per day), or if hospitalization may be required.10,16,17,19 A fluoroquinolone (or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in children) is generally recommended for empiric antibiotic therapy.5 Stool testing should still be performed. Published by Elsevier Inc. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Nitazoxanide oral suspension (100 mg/5ml; patients 1 year of age) and Nitazoxanide tablets (500 mg; patients 12 years of age) are indicated for the treatment of diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium. Cryptosporidiosis is also called crypto. Giardia infection occurs worldwide in most domestic and wild mammals and many birds. Treatment is with an antifungal mouthwash such as nystatin or oral antifungal tablets or capsules. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the People who are in poor health or who have weakened immune systems are at higher risk for more severe and prolonged illness. A limited number of infectious agents account for most of these illnesses, raising the hope that advances in the treatment and prevention of these infections can have global health impact. 2016 Aug 12;2(8):530-7. doi: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00094. To make sure you can safely take this medicine, tell your doctor if you have ever had: kidney disease (or if you are on dialysis); a stomach or intestinal disease such as Crohn's disease; a blood cell disorder such as anemia (lack of red blood cells) or low white blood cell (WBC) counts; a fungal infection anywhere in your body; or. 1997 Jun;56(6):637-9. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1997.56.637. Do not use metronidazole to treat trichomoniasis during the first trimester of pregnancy. If you have cryptosporidiosis and dont wash your hands after going to the bathroom, you can spread the parasite to anything you touch. 2023 Feb;21(2):167-173. doi: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2160704. Cryptosporidium felis: Ingestion of oocysts (fecal-contaminated material) . These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. Diagnosis and control of cryptosporidiosis in farm animals. Can you use Soolantra and metronidazole together. Cryptosporidium can also infect other gastrointestinal and extraintestinal sites, especially in individuals whose immune systems are suppressed. Currently, nitazoxanide is the only proven anti-parasitic treatment for Cryptosporidium infections. This is because metronidazole not only kills the bacteria responsible for conditions such as bacterial vaginosis, but useful bacteria in the vaginal flora that help to keep other microbes in check. Retesting of treated persons is not considered necessary. Cryptosporidium species and Giardia intestinalis are the most common enteric protozoan pathogens affecting humans worldwide. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. Has a low potential for abuse relative to those in schedule 3. You should not use metronidazole if you recently drank alcohol, or have taken disulfiram (Antabuse) within the past 2 weeks. Practicing good hygiene and sanitation routinely, and incinerating all infected birds, should reduce the potential for transmission. When signs and symptoms are severe or the infection persists, doctors usually treat giardia infection with medications such as: There are no consistently recommended medications for giardia infection in pregnancy because of the potential for harmful drug effects to the fetus. 8600 Rockville Pike Tinidazole is also effective. Diarrhea, severe in immune compromised Use Kinyoun acid fast stain Rx. Metronidazole is the treatment of choice. 2017 Aug;64(4):837-850. doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2017.03.014. skin tissue infection due to Peptostreptococcus bacteria. Take care of someone who has cryptosporidiosis. About 10% of women report a vaginal yeast infection (vaginal candidiasis) as a side effect of metronidazole treatment. Being cautious in places where Cryptosporidium is found and practicing good handwashing and food prep habits are the best ways to reduce your risk of cryptosporidiosis. http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodborneIllnessContaminants/FoodborneIllnessesNeedToKnow/default.htm, http://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/fdoss/index.html. Metronidazole and tinidazole are also active against amoebae which may have migrated to the liver. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. acute intestinal infection due to Entamoeba histolytica. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. How long does it take for metronidazole to work? https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. %PDF-1.5 Metronidazole is active against anaerobic bacteria and some protozoa (e.g. Your provider will also do a physical exam and ask about your symptoms and health history. Abdominal cramps, nausea, watery diarrhea, Abdominal cramps, diarrhea (may be bloody), fever, vomiting, Contaminated water, raw or undercooked poultry, unpasteurized milk, Blurred vision, diarrhea, difficulty swallowing, double vision, muscle weakness, vomiting; can cause respiratory failure and death, Fermented fish, improperly canned foods (especially home-canned vegetables), potatoes baked in aluminum foil, Intense abdominal cramps, watery diarrhea, Dried or precooked foods, gravy, meats, poultry, undercooked foods, Abdominal cramps, diarrhea (usually watery), slight fever, May be remitting and relapsing over weeks to months, Contaminated drinking water, cooked foods that are not reheated after contact with an infected food handler, uncooked foods, Abdominal cramps, diarrhea (usually watery), fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, substantial weight loss, vomiting, Contaminated raw produce (e.g., basil, imported berries, lettuce), Abdominal cramps, vomiting, watery diarrhea, Food or water contaminated with human feces, Abdominal pain, severe diarrhea (often bloody), vomiting; can cause kidney failure, Contaminated drinking water, contaminated raw produce (e.g., sprouts), undercooked beef (especially hamburger), unpasteurized milk or juice, Abdominal pain, dark urine, diarrhea, fever, headache, jaundice, nausea, Contaminated drinking water, contaminated raw produce, cooked foods that are not reheated after contact with an infected food handler, shellfish from contaminated water, uncooked foods, 9 to 48 hours for gastrointestinal symptoms, 2 to 6 weeks for invasive disease, Diarrhea, fever, muscle aches, nausea; pregnant women may have mild flulike illness, and infection can lead to premature delivery or stillbirth; older adults and immunocompromised patients may develop bacteremia or meningitis, Deli meats, unpasteurized milk, soft cheeses made with unpasteurized milk, Norovirus (food poisoning, viral gastroenteritis, winter diarrhea), Abdominal cramps, diarrhea (more common in adults), fever, headache, nausea, vomiting (more common in children), Abdominal cramps, diarrhea, fever, vomiting, Cheese, contaminated raw produce, eggs, meat, poultry, unpasteurized milk or juice, Abdominal cramps, diarrhea, fever; stools may contain blood and mucus, Contaminated drinking water, contaminated raw produce, cooked foods that are not reheated after contact with an infected food handler, uncooked foods, Abdominal cramps, diarrhea, fever, sudden onset of severe nausea and vomiting, Unrefrigerated or improperly refrigerated cream pastries, meats, and potato or egg salad, Abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, vomiting, watery diarrhea (occasionally bloody), Abdominal pain, bleeding under the skin, bloodborne infection, diarrhea, fever, ulcers requiring surgical removal, vomiting; can be fatal to persons with liver disease or weakened immune systems, Undercooked or raw seafood (especially oysters), Acute abdominal pain, fever, and vomiting, Together, these symptoms raise suspicion for infectious diarrhea, Recent changes in diet and ingestion of foods included in recent recalls or undercooked foods should raise suspicion for foodborne illness, Longer duration raises concern for dehydration, Persons who work at child care centers or in close contact with others are at risk of viral diarrhea, Cross-contamination and transmission of pathogens are possible; may help narrow differential if cause is known in the other person, Hospitalization or nursing home admission, Raises suspicion for atypical causes of diarrhea, Can help determine possible comorbidities that suggest a cause, Stool characteristics (bloody, foul smelling, watery), Foul-smelling stools in patients with recent hospitalization or antibiotic use raise suspicion for, Watery stools raise suspicion for viral cause or, Travel to foreign countries, especially non-Western countries, should raise suspicion for infectious diarrhea, Decreased appetite, fever, jaundice, nausea, right upper-quadrant abdominal pain, vomiting, CBC, C-reactive protein level, liver function testing, right upper-quadrant ultrasonography, Abdominal pain, arthralgias, arthritis, fever, jaundice, malaise, nausea, vomiting, Ammonia levels, hepatitis panel, liver biopsy, liver function testing, ultrasonography, Fever, left lower-quadrant abdominal pain, Abdominal CT, CBC; contrast enema and colonoscopy may be considered, Abdominal pain, chronic diarrhea, occasional bloody diarrhea, weight loss, Colonoscopy with tissue biopsy, negative stool culture, Abdominal pain, diarrhea, hematochezia, melena, weight loss, Abdominal CT, arterial blood gas levels, blood chemistry panel, CBC, colonoscopy, electrocardiography, lactate levels, magnetic resonance angiography, Abdominal pain, anorexia, diarrhea, fever, nausea, vomiting, Diagnosis is generally clinical; may be confirmed by antigen-detecting enzyme immunoassay, immunofluorescence assay, microscopy, polymerase chain reaction testing, serology, or viral culture (although routine use of these tests is not necessary), Erythromycin, 500 mg 2 times per day for 5 days, Azithromycin, 10 mg per kg per day for 3 to 7 days, Azithromycin (Zithromax), 500 mg on day 1, then 250 mg on days 2 through 5, Ciprofloxacin, 500 mg 2 times per day for 3 days, TMP-SMX, 5/25 mg per kg 2 times per day for 3 days, TMP/SMX, 160/800 mg 2 times per day for 3 to 7 days, Azithromycin, 500 mg on day 1, then 250 mg on days 2 through 5, Ciprofloxacin, 500 mg 2 times per day for 5 to 7 days, TMP-SMX, 5/25 mg per kg 2 times per day for 5 to 7 days, Ceftriaxone, 1 to 2 g per day intramuscularly or intravenously for 5 to 7 days, Ceftriaxone, 50 to 100 mg per kg per day intramuscularly or intravenously for 5 to 7 days, Metronidazole (Flagyl), 750 mg 3 times per day for 5 to 10 days, Metronidazole, 30 to 50 mg per kg per day in 3 divided doses for 7 to 10 days, Paromomycin, 500 mg 3 times per day for 7 days, or iodoquinol (Yodoxin), 650 mg 3 times per day for 7 days, Paromomycin, 25 to 35 mg per kg per day in 3 divided doses for 5 to 10 days, Metronidazole, 250 to 750 mg 3 times per day for 7 to 10 days. Muscle biopsy shows larvae in straited muscle serologic tests positive after 3 weeks no effective treatment . Accessed Nov. 3, 2020. In someone with a compromised immune system, cryptosporidiosis may never be fully cured and can cause symptoms for years. Immune reconstitution or decreased immunosuppression is critical to therapy in AIDS and transplant patients. In most people, your immune system will fight off Cryptosporidium and the symptoms of cryptosporidiosis will go away. Cryptosporidiosis spreads easily. Metronidazole pregnancy and breastfeeding warnings, Detailed Metronidazole dosage information. Swallow the extended-release tablet whole and do not crush, chew, or break it. 2004 Feb;2(1):43-9. doi: 10.1586/14787210.2.1.43. Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. On the other hand, Masood et al. 2001 Jun 15;32(12):1792-4. doi: 10.1086/320751. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. 2022 Dec 13;10(12):2456. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10122456. Some children have growth problems after having cryptosporidiosis. Cryptosporidium parasites, which live in the intestines of humans or animals, are shed in stool. This limitation of treatment . The schedule may depend on the exact dosage form or strength of the medication. Losing a lot of fluid can lead to serious complications, including: Bile duct, gallbladder or pancreatic disease are also complications of cryptosporidiosis. MeSH Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Skipping doses could make your infection resistant to medication. When signs and symptoms are severe or the infection persists, doctors usually treat giardia infection with medications such as: Metronidazole (Flagyl). https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/giardia/index.html. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. First, it breaks alcohol down into a compound called acetaldehyde. Symptoms may include creamy white lesions on the tongue, inner cheeks, or sometimes on the roof of your mouth, gums and tonsils; mouth redness, burning, or soreness and a furry or swollen tongue. Acid fast stain - for Giardia & Cryptosporidium; Treatment of intestinal parasites. Symptoms may include flushing, headaches, nausea, vomiting, and stomach cramps. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the Department of Defense, the Department of the Army, or the U.S. Army Medical Department. Because of the parasites life cycle, your symptoms may go away and then come back. However, it is not known whether this would occur in humans. Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances. Enterotoxins in the small bowel caused by E. coli, C. perfringens, and viruses produce excessive secretions of fluids and electrolytes that overwhelm the large bowel; therefore, they are typically associated with watery diarrhea. Foodborne illness can be caused by a multitude of microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222. Young children and pregnant women may be more susceptible to dehydration resulting from diarrhea and should drink plenty of fluids while ill. What happens if you drink alcohol with metronidazole? Bookshelf Symptoms of a yeast infection include itching and a thick, white odor-free discharge and it can be easily treated with medication such as fluconazole. Definitive diagnosis can be made only through stool culture or more advanced laboratory testing. Your provider may prescribe oral or IV hydration or antidiarrheal medications. . Cryptosporidiosis is a disease usually caused by the parasites Cryptosporidium hominis and C. parvum. Intestinal and urogenital protozoa. This can result in an overgrowth of the candida yeast. You may even develop a new vaginal yeast infection, which may need to be treated with antifungal medication. Nitazoxanide has been FDA-approved for treatment of diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium in people with healthy immune systems and is available by prescription. Medications may also help cure a Cryptosporidium infection. If youre prescribed antiprotozoal medication for cryptosporidiosis, it can take five days or more to start feeling better. government site. For accuracy, you may be asked to submit several stool samples collected over a period of days. Cryptosporidiosis is an illness you get from the parasite Cryptosporidium. Accessibility 2022 Dec;46(4):1133-1146. doi: 10.1007/s12639-022-01513-2. Can metronidazole cause a yeast infection? Before your appointment, you may want to write a list of answers to the following questions: During the physical exam, your doctor may ask you to lie down so that he or she can gently press on various parts of your abdomen to check for tender areas. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Dosage forms: intravenous solution (500 mg/100 mL), oral capsule (375 mg), oral suspension (100 mg/mL; 50 mg/mL), oral tablet (250 mg; 500 mg), oral tablet, extended release (750 mg) You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. Contact your healthcare provider if you have symptoms of cryptosporidiosis, especially if you have large amounts of watery diarrhea (several episodes per day). Cryptosporidium and Giardia Infections in Children: A Review. Keywords: Cryptosporidium infections have been reported in humans and in a variety of farm, pet and native animals. Common symptoms of foodborne illnesses include vomiting, diarrhea (with or without blood), fever, abdominal cramping, headache, dehydration, myalgia, and arthralgias. Anti-diarrheal medicine may help slow down diarrhea, but a healthcare provider should be consulted before such medicine is taken. 2022 Dec 30;12(1):61. doi: 10.3390/pathogens12010061. Has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States or a currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions. Would you like email updates of new search results? Current U.S. treatment guidelines recommend as first line treatment either metronidazole 500-750 mg PO three times daily for 7-10 days in adults and 35-50 mg/kg/d PO in three divided doses for 7-10 days in children OR tinidazole 2g PO once daily for 3 days in adults and 50 mg/kg/d PO in a single dose for 3 days in children. Microorganisms. Make sure you stay hydrated and try to get whatever nutrition you can while youre sick. Subscribe to Drugs.com newsletters for the latest medication news, new drug approvals, alerts and updates. A healthcare provider will give you the injection if you are unable to take the medicine by mouth. FOIA Fox LM, Saravolatz LD. Anti-Cryptosporidium activity of albendazole, metronidazole, and paromomycin in experimentally infected cattle. Yes, cryptosporidiosis is contagious it can spread from person to person, although indirectly. Available for Android and iOS devices. The site is secure. Diarrhea within 24 to 48 hours of ingestion is most often caused by Campylobacter jejuni in individual cases or Salmonella in outbreaks.4 Foodborne illnesses commonly associated with fever are caused by Vibrio cholerae non-O1, Shigella, and C. jejuni (Table 4). However, the effectiveness of nitazoxanide in immunosuppressed individuals is unclear. eCollection 2023. June 29, 2022; seattle seahawks schedule 2023; psalms in spanish for funeral . R01 AI089441/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States. People with weak immune . An Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) allows the FDA to authorize unapproved medical products or unapproved uses of approved medical products to be used in a declared public health emergency when there are no adequate, approved, and available alternatives. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. Compared with leukocyte examinations, lactoferrin measurements are more sensitive but more expensive, have a higher false-positive rate, and require a fresh-cup sample examined by an experienced microscopist.5, Use of antidiarrheal medications, including antimotility agents, anticholinergics, and adsorbents, is not recommended in children, especially those younger than two years, and is discouraged if infection with Shiga toxinproducing E. coli is suspected.68 Symptomatic treatment with loperamide (Imodium) and bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) is effective and may be considered in adults with uncomplicated acute or traveler's diarrhea.911 Although loperamide is more effective than bismuth subsalicylate, it is not recommended for patients with hematochezia and systemic symptoms because it may increase the risk of invasive disease.10. Take the medicine as soon as you can, but skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next dose. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here. Symptoms and time of onset can narrow the differential diagnosis (Table 3) and help identify a likely pathogen.4 Early onset of vomiting and diarrhea results from ingestion of preformed toxins, most often S. aureus or Bacillus cereus. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. Efficacy of albendazole, metronidazole and paromomycin was evaluated against Cryptosporidium in experimentally infected cattle. Childrenespecially infantsare predisposed to dehydration and require more diligence in determining hydration status. Parasites Giardia. Has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States or a currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions. In addition, it has anti-inflammatory properties in the large intestine and is an effective anti-diarrhea medication. The main symptom is watery diarrhoea which occurs with stomach cramps. Cryptosporidium now causes over half of the reported waterborne disease outbreaks associated with swimming in chlorinated public swimming pools 9. Treatment resulting in a reduction of coccidia is still important, and coccidial numbers should be periodically monitored. Qin SY, Sun HT, Lyu C, Zhu JH, Wang ZJ, Ma T, Zhao Q, Lan YG, He WQ. Dont swim in public pools or have sex for two weeks after having diarrhea. Overdose symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, numbness, tingling, or problems with balance or muscle movement. Cryptosporidiosis is frequently reported in association with postprandial regurgitation (snakes, Cryptosporidium serpentes ), diarrhea (lizards, Cryptosporidium saurophilum ), marked weight loss, and chronic debilitation. Metronidazole (and other nitroimidazole derivatives) is effective in the treatment of invasive disease, but less effective in the treatment of luminal forms of the parasite. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Continue reading. Empiric antibiotic therapy should be considered in cases of suspected foodborne illness if the patient is febrile and has signs of invasive disease, if symptoms have persisted for more than one week or are severe, or if hospitalization may be required. Antibiotic therapy can shorten the duration of symptoms and may prevent bacteremia in older adults, newborns, and immunocompromised patients.4 Recommended treatment regimens for foodborne pathogens are outlined in Table 5.8,18,19,2124 Ciprofloxacin is no longer recommended for treatment of Campylobacter infection; a macrolide, such as erythromycin, is recommended instead.24. Most people who have healthy immune systems will recover without treatment. Accessibility This material is provided for educational purposes only and is not intended for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Oral rehydration therapy is effective in preventing and treating dehydration in patients of all ages. As Cryptosporidium and Giardia (oo)cysts are robust and resistant to environmental conditions, including disinfectants such as chlorine used in water treatment systems, numerous waterborne and foodborne outbreaks of human cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis have been reported, with Cryptosporidium and Giardia responsible for > 95% of outbreaks . These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. This medicine will not treat a viral infection (flu or a common cold). You get cryptosporidiosis from contaminated water, like pools or lakes, or from other people. Drug classes: Amebicides, Miscellaneous antibiotics. Shake the oral suspension (liquid). (Cryptosporidium, . Before Metronidazole (10-15 mg/kg PO Q 12 H for 7 days) Tritrichomonas blagburni Pentatrichomonas hominis: Ingestion of trophozoites (fecal-contaminated material) . eCollection 2022 Nov. Aziz AFE, Roshidi N, Othman N, Mohd Hanafiah K, Arifin N. Diagnostics (Basel). Seizures and other nervous system abnormalities have been reported in patients treated with metronidazole.