Shivajis Guru was Shree Samarth Ramdas was a noted 17th-century saint and spiritual poet of Maharashtra. Hari Parbat is visible in the background. [12] These kings ruled Kashmir for 192years. Who was the last king of Gonanda dynasty? For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions Contextual translation of "poyu ta" from Persian into Tagalog. Introduction: The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. His access to minute details of contemporary court intrigues was almost direct: his father and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. 2 What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? His half-brother Vijaymalla rebelled against him, and got Harsha released from prison. What 3 things do you do when you recognize an emergency situation? Eventually the Karkota dynasty ended and a grandson of Utpala became king. And 40 years after his passing, the translation has now been brought into publication thanks to the zealous efforts of a few lovers of classical literature. He also got the Mahabharata and Rajatarangini. He looked into an assortment of epigraphic sources connecting with illustrious tributes, development of sanctuaries, and land awards; he concentrated on coins, fantastic remaining parts, family records, and nearby practices. His son Jayendra was followed by Samdhimati-Aryaraja (34 BCE-17 CE) who had the soul of Jayendra's minister Sandhimati. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. His queen eloped with a Buddhist monk, so he destroyed the Buddhist monasteries and gave their land to the Brahmins. Translations. Devout Shaivite. According to Kalhana, this king "did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers" (Stein's translation). His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in the court of Harsha of Kashmir. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Zain-ul-Abidin was also known as 'the Akbar of Kashmir'. The kings of Kashmir described in the Rjatarangi can be roughly grouped into dynasties as in the table below. They cannot be abusive or personal. In the Indian history, Madurai was the capita of Pandyas. Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini translated into Persian. Owing to the pervasive distraction of COVID-19, Malayalam readers may have missed a notable event: the first translation into their language of a 12th century Sanskrit classic, Each issue contains four to five feature articles on topics Get answers to the most common queries related to the Railway Examination Preparation. What literary period is the beat generation aligned with? But his traditional conceptual framework, using uncritical assumptions and a belief in the role of the poet as an exponent of moral maxims, makes the idealizing content in his narrative, particularly for the early period, rather dominant. He stopped the killing of cows by means . After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. Several coins of a king named Toramana have been found in the Kashmir region. Compared to translations in other languages, Raman Menons craft is remarkable for its lucidity and elegance. Verse 12. Son of Jayapida and Durgi. ), Translations of Sanskrit Works at Akbar's Court, Politics of Time: Primitives and History-Writing in a Colonial Society, Buddhist History in the Vernacular: The Power of the Past in Late Medieval Sri Lanka, Travels in the Mogul Empire, A.D. 16561668, Ideology and Status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the History of the Sanskrit Language, Detailed Report of a Tour in Search of Sanskrit MSS. If you do not have an account please register and login to post comments. [7] Romila Thapar equates Jalauka to Kunala, stating that "Jalauka" is an erroneous spelling caused by a typographical error in Brahmi script. In those authorities, Abul Fazl interpreted Ramayana into Persian. The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. It exposes its own biases instead", "Review of Kingship in Kamr (AD11481459). Render date: 2023-03-04T12:29:12.553Z Verse 7. Son of Sukhavarman. Made his brother Sussala the ruler of Lohara. [22], Kalhana's account starts to align with other historical evidence only by Book 4, which gives an account of the Karkota dynasty. After that, the English translation. Duke University Press publishes approximately one hundred books per year and field of Asian Studies. [6], No kings mentioned in this book have been traced in any other historical source. From the Pen of Jonarja, Court Pait to Suln Zayn al-bidn. The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. How much salary can I expect in Dublin Ireland after an MS in data analytics for a year? In the Karkota family, Lalitapida had a concubine, a daughter of a Kalyapala (IV.678). It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dia Answer. The Rajatarangini is an epic poem (mahakavya) in Sanskrit running into nearly 8000 verses that are spread over eight books or sections. Updates? He was followed by his two sons who became kings in succession. Expelled several irreligious Brahmins who used to eat garlic (non-. This article examines two translations of the textone "Orientalist" and the other "nationalist"with the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. Translation of " " into Persian . Rajatarangini, paintings of Kalhana written by a 12th ce Answer. involving the history, arts, social sciences, philosophy, and contemporary Get all the important information related to the Railway Exam including the process of application, important calendar dates, eligibility criteria, exam centers etc. He lies buried in the Gorstan e Shahi in Srinagar. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. Built a great city called Srinagara (near but not same as the modern-day. The courtyard of the Jama Masjid, Srinagar. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. The fate of Ali Shah is uncertain: he may have died in captivity or have been put to death by Khokhar.[28]. (With his account of the Karkota dynasty, relatively recent at the time he wrote his chronicles, Kalhana's information becomes more consistent with other sources.). Rajatharangini promises to arouse a great deal of interest among readers. . It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. Zain-ul-Abidin worked hard to establish a fair rule in Kashmir. In fact, the history of Kashmir was continued, along Kalhanas line, down to some years after the annexation of Kashmir by the Mughal emperor Akbar (1586) in the following works: Rajatarangini (by Jonaraja), Jainatarangini (by Shrivara), and Rajavalipataka (by Prajyabhatta and Shuka). This quarterly has been published regularly since Verse 15. Raman Menons translation attempts to preserve the essential characteristics of the original by adopting the Manipravalam diction. What are three different irrational numbers between the rational numbers 5 by 7 and 9 by 11? It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, a social and educational reformer, was an idealist who contributed immensely in eradicating social evils prevalent in the society during the 18th century.He was popularly known as "Father of Modern India". Nevertheless, multiple scholars identify Kalhana's Ashoka with the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. For example, Ranaditya is given a reign of 300 years. This article examines two translations of the textone Orientalist and the other nationalistwith the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. His family ruled for many generations. Postmodernism is the literary period, the beat generation aligned with. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. From the regulation of commodities to the reviving of old crafts, Abidin did everything for overall development of Kashmir and his subjects. Kalhana () (c. 12th century CE), a Kashmiri Brahmin, was the author of Rajatarangini, and is regarded as Kashmir's first historian. Became queen after the death of all male heirs. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Rajatarangini was composed by Kalhana, scion of a noble family of Kashmir. How much stuff can you bring on deployment? This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. If you are already a registered user of The Hindu and logged in, you may continue to engage with our articles. [15], He was the only Shah Mir ruler to keep Hindu courtiers in his court. These include: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of Nal-Damayanti into Persian. It is the 25th most populated city in India, located on the banks of River Vaigai. He was a devout Shaivite, and his reign was marked by peace. Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. Horace Hayman Wilson partially translated the work, and wrote an essay based on it, titled The Hindu History of Kashmir (published in Asiatic Researches Volume 15). Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. Ascended the throne after her death, beginning, Abdicated the throne in favour of his son, but retained power through his minister Haladhara, Rebelled against his parents, leading to the suicide of his father Ananta, followed by, Second son of Kalasha. Verse 14. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. [15], Sultan Shamsu'd-Din Shah was succeeded by his elder son Sultan Jamshid who ruled for a year and two months. Among original compositions in Persian, historical literature easily occupied the first place. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to its synthesis. A town named Shihabud-dinpura aka Shadipur was founded by him. Among the renowned translations of the work in later years were those by Aurel Stein in 1900 and by Ranjit S. Pandit in 1935, the latter with a Foreword by Jawaharlal Nehru. His descendant Meghavahana later restored the dynasty's rule. The minister was persecuted, and ultimately imprisoned because of rumors that he would succeed the king. It is a Sanskrit file of the diverse look of Islam. Zain-ul-Abidin was the eighth sultan of Kashmir. Jonaraja in his Dvitiya Rajatara? By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Request Permissions. Son of Vijaya: his "long arms reached to his knees". Verse 13. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Another television serial based on this work has been completed by National Award winning director, Jyoti Sarup. Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. He was given the title of Raja by the Mughal emperor Akbar Shah II in the year 1830 as he had gone to England as an envoy of the emperor. He was the ruler of Kashmir and the founder of the Shah Mir dynasty. His book Tuti Namah (book of the parrot), written in the time of Muhammad Tughluq, was a Persian translation of Sanskrit stories. [a] He thinks it more likely that he was a descendant of Turkish or Persian immigrants to Swat, who had intermarried with local indigenous peoples. Rajatarangini can be a metric splendid and verifiable account of the north-western Indian subcontinent, mainly the lords of Kashmir. The translation of the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian was its most outstanding achievement. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Its apt choice of kavya (poetry), as felicitously described by Shonaleeka Kaul, makes for a versatile and flexible mode that can entertain the mythic and the folk alongside classical and conventionalised registers of imagination and representation. The Loharas ruled for many generations. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. [5], Kalhana mentions that Gonanda I ascended the throne in 653 Kali calendar era. for this article. It joins a long catalogue of such translations from Sanskrit beginning with that of Kautilyas The capital of India shift from Kolkata to New Delhi in the year 1911. Omissions? Abul Fazl translated into Persian many outstanding Sanskrit works, such as, the. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in Harsha of Kashmir's court. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Suvrata's poem, though it has obtained celebrity, does not show dexterity in the exposition of the subject-matter, as it is rendered troublesome [reading] by misplaced learning. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. Deposed his half-brother to become the king, but died after a week. Kalhana wrote it was brilliantly prepared for the work. that the material was genuinely picky. He called back the Hindus who left Kashmir during his father's reign. Answer. Rajatarangini (The River of Kings) is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE. The broad valley of Kashmir, also spelled Cashmere[2] is almost completely surrounded by the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal range. [32] He died in 1550 after being killed in battle with the Kashmiris. and interdisciplinary publications, both books and journals. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. He dug profound into such model functions as the Harshacharita and the Brihat-Samhita sagas and utilised with a praiseworthy commonality the neighbourhood rajakathas (regal accounts) and such past chips away at Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthiva Wali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. [clarification needed], From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core, Koenraad Elst: Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate 1999, https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Rajatarangini&oldid=559022, Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter, Articles needing expert attention from November 2008, Articles with disputed statements from March 2012, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2011, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, About Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core. After that, the English translation appeared under the aegis of the Asiatic Society in 1835 and the French translation in 1852. Deposed by his half-brother Sangramapida. Toramana is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier. It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. Book I attempts to weave imaginary tales of Kashmir kings into epic legends. By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecrations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. It has multiple dimensions, such as the aureole of antiquity, the grandeur of epic, the cachet of Sanskritic literary canons, the singular distinction as an ancient Indian historical chronicle and the uniqueness that it embodies as representation of a vital part of Indian selfhood. His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. . [6], (Note the confusion of dates in this and the following sections. In 1380 C.E. But even this account is not fully reliable from a historical point of view. Published online by Cambridge University Press: Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. [18] Iinternal rebellions were ably suppressed. From there, Buddhism spread to several other adjoining regions including Central Asia, Tibet and China. Subsequent English translations of Kalhana's Rajatarangini include: Several books containing legendary stories from Rajatarangini have been compiled by various authors. Kalhana lived in a time of political turmoil in Kashmir, at that time a brilliant center of civilization in a sea of barbarism. During his reign, the Mlechchhas (possibly, According to historical evidence, Mihirakula's predecessor was. The book has a magisterial Foreword by Puthezhath Raman Menon, a considerable figure in Malayalam literature and a contemporary of the translator. He erected a monument at. Zianu-l Abidin of Kashmir deputed the famous Sanskrit scholar Jonaraja and Srivara for the completion of Rajatarangini to bring the history of Kashmir up-to-date. In recent years, it has developed its strongest reputation Barring a successful invasion of Ladakh, Sikandar did not annex any new territory. 23 February 2011. Although the earlier books are inaccurate in their chronology, they still provide an invaluable source of information about early Kashmir and its neighbors in the north western parts of the Indian subcontinent, and are widely referenced by later historians and ethnographers. Raman Menon, Priyadarshini Publication Society, 1,200. Writing of Rajatarangini in the introduction to his 1935 English translation of this twelfth-century Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana, R. S. Pandit described it as a "poem of great scope, a more or less complete picture of society, in which the bloody periods of the past are delightfully relieved by delicate tales of love, by episodes of marvel He brought back the Brahmans who had fled from Kashmir following the treachery of Mirza. According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary Vikramaditya of Ujjain with the Vardhana Emperor Harsha (c. 606-47 CE). 2011 Duke University Press Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. [6], Son of Shreshtasena, assisted by his brother and co-regent Toramana. Waged a war against the Tantrins with help of their rivals (known as Ekanga), but was defeated and killed. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a historical text on this region. Haksar captured the mystique of Indias coordinates in this couplet: rajatarangini of kalhana vol iv - dr. raghunath singh_part3, rajatarangini of kalhana vol ii - dr. raghunath singh_part3, rajatarangini - shri ramtej shastri pandey_part3. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old-style language, Sanskrit. Kalhana was a poet. The long and arduous journey of the great saint across the country to Kashmir, punctuated by philosophical debates with peers and concurrent composition of immortal commentaries on the Hindu texts, is part of Indias sacred history. Sultan Zain-Ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work, Rajatarangini, and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. Son of Hiranyakula. He reigned for three years and five months from 1339 to 1342 CE. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continuation of Kalhanas Rjataragin and brings the annal of the rulers of Kashmir proper right down to the hour of the creators supporter Zain-ul-Abidin. Raman Menons translation bears the signature of his scholarly skills, derived from mastery of both Sanskrit and Malayalam. [21][25] However, Sikandar was also the first Kashmiri ruler to convert destroyed temples into Islamic shrines, and such a display of supremacy probably had its origins in religious motivations. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. Made king by the minister Shura. The version was entitled Behr-ul-Asmar, (or the sea of tales). Please abide by our community guidelines for posting your comments. translator of the Rajataragini. Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. An astrologer prophesied that his son-in-law would succeed him as the king. Rajatarangini, Telugu translation by Renduchintala Lakshmi Narasimha Sastry, This page was last edited on 14 November 2022, at 18:27. In this article, we will learn about the great ruler, Razia sultan, and the monument, Alai Darwaza. Defeated the Tantrins with help of Damara feudal lords. Kashmira Kerala paryanthaamganatantrenashasssitam, Rakshayantujanaasarve, ekachhatramimaammaheem (From Kashmir to Kerala extending and governed by democracy, may all the people protect this lands sovereign unity). [4] It is known, however, that Mihirakula was the son of Toramana. No examples found, consider adding one please. In the first Taranga (book) of Rajatarangini, Kalhana expresses his dissatisfaction with the earlier historical books, and presents his own views on how history ought to be written:[4]. Murdered his father, and starved his half-brothers to death. [14], Shah Mir worked to establish Islam in Kashmir and was aided by his descendant rulers, specially Sikandar Butshikan. Son of Ajitapida. Made king by Sukhavarman, the son of Utpala. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. Son of Vajraditya II and Mangjarika. 'Great King')[29] and ruled from 1418 to 1470. Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-5r7zs [8] Aryarajas were mostly Hindus. Younger brother of Chandrapida and Tarapida. Rajatarangini 's first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. [5] The total reign of the following kings is mentioned as 1266 years. Verse 12. [19][21] Scholars caution against accepting the allegations at face value and attributing them solely to religious bigotry. He displayed surprisingly advanced technical expertise for the time in his concern for unconventional sources. [12] Kashmiri scholar N. K. Zutshi, having critically examined the sources, reconciles the two versions by noting that the Persian chronicles mentions Swadgir rather than Swat, which he interprets as Swadgabar, meaning "suburbs of Gabar", which coincides with Jonaraja's description of Panchagahvara-Simani (on the borders of Panchagagvara). Kalhana describes the rules of Toramana and, After the Huna, Meghavahana of the Gonandiya family was brought back from.